Chrysanthemum coreanum (Levl. & Vaniot) Nakai - a perennial autumn-flowering plant of hybrid origin used for gardening and cutting. Its introduction into the conditions of the South Ural is limited by the lack of cultivars adapted to local conditions and a reasonable assortment. The main task of modern biology is to study the peculiarities of the existence of an organism depending on environmental factors. It is known that stress influences change the water regime of plants, and this in turn leads to damage at different levels of organization: dehydration of cell contents due to drought, loss of turgor, decrease in water and osmotic potential, intensity and productivity of photosynthesis. The purpose of the study was to identify the critical stages of the water regime of some cultivars of Chrysanthemum when introduced to the Bashkir Pre-Ural. The water regime was assessed using the method of artificial wilting, and the water deficit was assessed using the method of saturation of plant samples. The objects of research were 23 cultivars of Chrysanthemum coreanum . It was found that the studied cultivars did not experience a strong lack of moisture in the tissues during the observation period. Studies have shown that the introduced plants under the same soil-climatic and agrotechnical conditions of the Bashkir Pre-Ural had different indicators of drought resistance. Based on the average values of water-holding capacity, total hydration and water deficit of leaves, cultivars of Chrysanthemum coreanum were differentiated into three groups: high (‘Zagadka Oseni’, ‘Kazachka’, ‘Milashka’, ‘Solnechnaya Feeriya’), medium (‘Estino Whito’, ‘Grandeur’, ‘Vidinskiy Bal’, ‘Tango’, ‘Shapka Monomakha’, ‘Yablunevyy Tsvit’, etc.) and low drought resistance (‘Akiwa Yellow’, ‘Zolotistyy Dukat’, ‘Zolotovoloska’, ‘Solnyshko’). In general, the studied cultivars of Chrysanthemum coreanum were suitable for growing in the conditions of the Bashkir Ural.

The dependence of the growth rate of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb on some environmental factors was studied under the conditions of the Southern Coast. In March, vegetation began at an average daily air temperature of 3.5-7.5°C and the increase in stem diameter was 1% (0.68 mm). In July-August, two sections: the first one - 27.07. - 08. - intensive growth, the second one - after 08. - access to the growth plateau. In September-October there are also two sections: the first one - 01.09. -14.10. - intensive growth, the second section after 14.10. - exit to the growth plateau and the end of the growing season. The optimal environmental factors were: in March-May, Ta=20-26°C, Da=0.4-1.2 kPa, I=300-900 mmol/m²s; July-August, Ta=22-28°С, Da=1.8-2.5 kPa, I=500-1000 μmol/m²s; in September-October, Ta=17-25°C, Da=0.3-1.5 kPa, I=400-800 μmol/m²s, respectively.

In order to determine special features of the photosynthetic apparatus activity and the content of thread compounds in various apricot cultivars during the period of maximum drought probability on the Southern Coast of the Crimea, we studied the concentration of proline, phenolic compounds and chlorophylls, as well as the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence induction (CFI) in some apricot cultivars ( Prunus armeniaca Lam.), characterized by various degree of drought tolerance (‘Alupkinsky’, ‘Krymskiy Amur’) are weakly resistant; Khurmai cultivar is characterized by labile resistance, and the cultivars Kazachok, Professor Smykov, Nagycorosi Orias are drought tolerant cultivars). It has been found out that drought-resistant cultivars are characterized by a relatively low content of proline in their leaves. It is supposed that this amino acid is involved in the protective reactions of apricot plants under water stress. The results of the photosynthetic apparatus studies in the presented cultivars demonstrated that in leaves, water loss less than 20% caused reversible changes in the parameters of CFI. An increase in the water deficit up to 25-30% caused the destruction of PS2 in weakly drought-resistant cultivars. The most stable photosynthetic apparatus activity was noticed in the cultivar Nagycorosi Orias. Deviations in photosynthesis processes were most pronounced during the period of water restoration in leaves.

Aim and task: to increase the efficiency of selection with a significant increase in the parameters of varieties in terms of adaptability, productivity and commercial quality of fruits by including in the breeding process genetic methods for assessing the gene pool and the impact on it. Methods. Assessment of the genefund was carried out according to the “Program and Methods for Variety Studies of Fruit, Nut and Berry Crops” (Michurinsk, 1993; Orel, 1995). Breeding studies were carried out according to the “Program and methodology for selection of fruit, nut and berry crops (Michurinsk, 1980; Orel, 1999). Statistical data processing was performed according to B.P. (1985) using the software package "Excel 7", "Statistica 10". An analysis of the scientific literature on genomic selection. Results. A phenotypic assessment of the gene pool of fruit crops obtained as a result of distant hybridization and experimental mutagenesis was carried out. The equations of multiple regression are constructed, correlation interconnections between productivity and biological, biotic and abiotic factors are revealed. The criteria of the model of the “ideal” cultivar are determined and a comparative assessment of the best cultivars with it is carried out. Genotypic assessment of the gene pool was performed using methods of hybridological analysis, differential staining and PCR analysis of chromosomes. Promising areas of genomic selection of fruit crops are considered. Main conclusions. As a result of joint work between breeders and geneticists on the basis of genomic selection of fruit crops, carried out in two interrelated directions using: genetic methods for evaluating breeding material and genetic methods for influencing the genotype of the original cultivars, the selection efficiency will be increased and new cultivars will be obtained that are complex biologically valuable traits will significantly exceed the best standard cultivars.

Aim and task: conduct an analysis of scientific and technical literature, identify trends in world production of fruit crops and peaches. Methods. The article uses official data from the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Statistics Division) (http://www.fao.org/faostat/ru), Federal Customs Service (http://customs.ru/statistic), Federal State Statistics Service (https://www.gks.ru). Statistical reports for the period from 1998 to 2017 were taken for analysis. The article uses official data from the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Statistics Division) (http://www.fao.org/faostat/ru), Federal Customs Service (http://customs.ru/statistic), Federal State Statistics Service (https://www.gks.ru). Statistical reports for the period from 1998 to 2017 were taken for analysis. Results. The volume of fruit produced, the area under orchards is increasing annually throughout the world. The highest yield (20.0 - 37.7 t / ha) for all crops was achieved in the USA, the Netherlands, Egypt, France, Italy and others, and the gross fruit yield (2565 - 877177 thousand tons) is the highest in China, the USA, Turkey, India, Iran and others. The total volume of imports of the main types of fruits to Russia in 2016 amounted to 4,159.6 thousand tons, which is 4.6% or 181.7 thousand tons more than in 2015. In the structure of fruit supplies, the largest share in 2016, bananas, tangerines, apples, oranges, lemons, pears, grapes occupied. Peach remains in the world one of the main stone fruit crops. The leaders in the production of peach fruits are China, Italy, Spain, USA, Greece. In Russia, there is a shortage of peach production. Its import is 37.4 thousand tons of fruits (2016) and exceeds its own production. Main conclusions. The most important task remains the development of horticulture in Russia and the reduction of fruit imports on the domestic market.

As a result of instrumental diagnostics of the state of trunk wood, the level of phytopathogenic damage of the most old-age specimens of Magnolia grandiflora L. in the Arboretum of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens is estimated. Digital two-dimensional images of the trunk wood were obtained, and the relative indicators of the degree of its destruction were characterized. The results of the research allowed us to identify some patterns in the nature of the distribution of destructions in the trunk wood of M. grandiflora . It was found that of the six studied specimens of M. grandiflora , the greatest destruction of trunk wood was found in two 130-year-old trees growing in The Upper Arboretum Park. There was no correlation between the presence and degree of destruction of M. grandiflora trunk wood and the age of the trees examined. The use of the ultrasound tomography method expands the possibilities of diagnostics of phytopathogenic lesion of the trunk wood. The combination of visual assessment and instrumental diagnostics of trunk wood allows us to obtain more complete information about the vital state of trees.

Prolification is the formation of any plant organ from other organ, growth and development of which is finished. Prolification is caused with activisation of meristems and concluded in the fact that the shoot, flower or new inflorescence can be developed from the flower. Fasciation phenomena shows very famous and wide spread deformation among the vessel plants in which one can see in abrupt change of normal form of structure of main parts of the vessel plants in which one can see in abrupt change of normal forms of structure of main parts of the plant. In the 19^th century new direction appeared in botany - teratology studying deformation, fasciation and reasons of their appearance. The formulations of Linnaeus and Penzig are considered the most exact in discussing the problem about fasciation. Komarov showed that fasciations have an important practical meaning and may be used in creative new species and sorts of cultural plants. In collection of Botanical garden of FEB RAS and Transbaykalian Botanical Garden supervision for the phenomenon of fasciations, prolification and buds mutations on sorts of garden roses took place. The events of straight fasciation of shoots were found on the next sorts of roses: “Crimson Rambler”, “Henry Morse”, and “Eutin”. Only on the sort “Crimson Rambler” the fasciating shoot was abnormally wide and deformed. Redial fasciation of the flower is resisted on sorts “Aloha”, “Burgund”, and “Dame de Coeur”. Fasciational flowers of that plans were abnormally, deformed and not fruiting. As a result of spontaneous mutation three new sorts of the garden roses were obtained steady to monsoon climate and fungous illness ”Pеrvаya Pоzеmkа”, “Ussurochkа”, and “Аmurskiе Vоlni”. Many years supervision showed that phenomena of fasciation and bud mutation on the roses took plants in different factors of habitat. Those phenomena’s are showed in particular rainy years.

The need for regular phytopathological monitoring of collections in the Donetsk Botanical Garden is due to the risk of invasions of new plant pathogens on introduced ornamental plants under conditions phytopathogens in the 21st century, as well as the annual replenishment of the collections with new plant species, varieties, cultivars. A phytopathological examination ornamental plants collections of Asteraceae family was carried out in 2016-2019, according to which 15 genera, 19 species and 3 cultivated hybrids of plants showed various diseases caused by plant pathogenic organisms. Microfungi (30 species) predominates among the plant pathogens; plant damage caused by viral and bacterial diseases was also observed. The most common infectious diseases in the Donetsk Botanical Garden (DBG) were caused by powdery mildew fungi (recorded on 8 plant species) and rust fungi (on 5 plant species). There were found some new plant pathogenic microfungi in DBG, which were previously not recorded in the DBG and which can be treated as alien species to the region: powdery mildews of Symphyotrichum spp. (pathogen - Golovinomyces asterum ), Coreopsis spp. ( G. spadicaeus ) and Helianthus tuberosus ( G. latisporus ), rusts of Tanacetum balsamitae ( Puccinia balsamitae ) and Symphyotrichum spp. ( Coleosporium asterum ), and smut of Gaillaridia spp. ( Entyloma gaillardianum ). Various leaf spots were regularly noted in the collections, but they did not cause significant damage of Asteraceae plants in outdoor planting conditions. The most harmful types of diseases were wilting caused by Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium albo-atrum , and rots of rhizomes and tubers of perennials such as chrysanthemums ( Chrysanthemum × hortorum ) and dahlias ( Dahlia × cultorum ) caused by Berkeleyomyces basicola , Ilyonectria destructans , Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and opportunistic pathogens Clonostachys rosea and Stachybotrys chartarum .

In 2016, the study of morphological features of the collection of tropical water lily was started. Plants are grown in containers of up to 400 litres, which are placed in an artificially heated basin with a total water mirror area of 85 m². After 1080 days soil and water are replaced due to the reduction of nutrients. During vegetation, the water temperature is constant - plus 28-29 °C. The beginning of vegetation is noted from the II decade of January, flowering - from the I decade of February at Nymphaea cv. Mrs. George C. Hitchcock, N. capensis var. alba , N. capensis cv. Rosea и N. nouchali var . caerulea. Later and not prolonged flowering was observed - from the II decade of July at N. gigantea , N. cv. Nangkwaug Fax and N. cv. Nangkwaug Apsara. Two phases of flowering, the first beginning from the third decade of January to the second decade of April and the second phase from the third decade of June - N. lotus var. thermalis , N. daubeniana , N. capensis var. alba . Mass - from the II decade of May to the I decade of September. Depending on the species or variety, the duration of the flowering phase in the year is in N. cv . Nangkwaug Fax, N. cv. Nangkwaug Apsara, N. capensis var. alba - 43-65 days, the rest have 79 to 247 days. The largest number of flowers in 2016-2009 observed in N. lotus var. thermalis - 288 flowers, N. nouchali var . caerulea - 255 flowers, N. capensis cv. Rosea - 165 flowers. The smallest - N. cv. Nangkwaug Fax - 46 flowers, N. cv. Nangkwaug Apsara - 32 flowers. They are promising for cultivation in closed water bodies.

In the process of plant introduction, the main task is to study the features of their biology and ecology, and as a result, their adaptive capabilities in specific climatic conditions. In nature, species of iris ( Iris L.) are widely distributed from the Northern regions to the subtropics and have a great ecological plasticity. In the conditions of the Stavropol upland, it is possible to successfully grow representatives of the genus iris from different parts of its range. The collection of irises in the Stavropol Botanical garden has 19 species. Species of Iris furcata, I. notha, and I. pumila that are common in grass-turf and meadow steppes, and I. pseudonotha that are common in wet meadows, have a stability in the conditions of culture, and they have an annual abundant flowering and fruiting. The timing of the beginning of generative phases of I. pumila development in culture and natural populations of the Stavropol upland varies within 5-7 days. In comparison with other species of local flora in the collection I. pseudonotha is most susceptible to diseases, for species I. halophila flowering is not observed every year. Some of the species in the collection are of Far Eastern Asian origin: I. domestica, I. ensata, I. lactea, I. laevigata, I. oxypetala, I. sanguinea and North American - I. versicolor. Among them, I. domestica shows the least frost and drought resistance, the flowering of the species occurs during the hottest period - the third decade of July, however, in some years, high seed productivity was observed for the species. Irregular flowering in the I-II decade of May was observed for I. lactea and I. oxypetala. The species I. ensata blooms in early June, a month earlier than in natural populations. Most of the Iris species in the collection are stable, and to a lesser extent adaptive potential is shown by species with a narrow ecological and phytocenotic affiliation - I. domestica, I. scariosa, I. halophila, and I. lactea . Species I. pseudonotha, I. domestica, and I. graminea do not reach their natural values in terms of habitus.

The Laboratory of Ornamental Plants of theof the Main Botanical Garden named after N. V. Tsitsin of RAS has collected a very representative collection of representatives of the genus Astilbe , which includes 132 varieties and 8 natural species.The collection contains all geographical groups of this genus that grow in temperate climates. At the first stage of collection, the main task was to include historical varieties that reflect the various stages of selection. We managed to collect a unique variety of varieties that reflects the breeding achievements of the vast majority of breeders of this crop and all known breeding centers. Special attention was paid to the creation of separate complexes of varieties belonging to both individual breeders and breeding centers. The result of the first stage of work was the creation of a collection of varieties that reflects the history of breeding culture over a 120-year period. Currently, selection work has begun on the basis of the collection. One of the directions of selection is to obtain high and early flowering forms of Astilbe . Currently, two hybrid samples have been selected, which are promising for use as a variety due to their decorative characteristics. Crosses are also carried out within the natural species Astilbemicrophylla and Astilbebiternata , which were previously little used in breeding and have valuable decorative features. Since the beginning of selection, the principle of selecting varieties for inclusion in the collection Fund has changed. Now the main principle of selection is to include varieties with valuable characteristics that can be used in breeding work.

A striking element in the floral design of green spaces is Canna×generalis. One of the reasons for the low prevalence of this crop is the complexity of preserving planting material and its high cost. To solve the problem of preservation of Canna×generalis rhizomes grown in the Middle Urals, studies were conducted with the storage of large rhizomes (bud diameter from 2.6 cm to 4 cm) and small fractions (bud diameter from 1.0 cm to 2.5 cm) in various ways - open (air-dry) and in sand. The analysis of amylase activity, starch and sugar content at the beginning and end of the rhizome storage period, and the number of sprouted buds at the end of the storage period was performed. Open storage of C.×generalis rhizomes was found to be the optimal storage method, which was evaluated by a total of 24 points. During this storage, there was a high activity of awakening the buds before planting in the ground (more than 50%) and getting a more even seedling. This storage method is suitable for small-flowered tall cultivars of C.×generalis that form large rhizomes. Large-flowered C.×generalis must be stored with a lump of earth, since their rhizomes do not have large reserves of starch and dry up when stored in an air-dry way. Of the 9 cultivars of C.×generalis studied in the collection of the Department of introduction and acclimatization of plants, in the conditions of the Middle Urals, 4 cultivars have proved themselves well: 'Diamond’ ‘' Rosemond Coyles’ ‘ 'Richard Wallens’,' Red king Humbert’ and the old small-flowered and tall sample ' Yunnatsky’, which have an annual abundant and long flowering. As a result of the monitoring of flower design in the cities of Udmurtia, it was found that C.×generalis is more widely used in the city of Sarapul, less often in Izhevsk, and in Glazov and Votkinsk it is not used.

The article presents the results of research on laboratory germination of seeds of tree and shrub introduced species. Introduced seeds were collected from existing plantings in Irkutsk and the Irkutsk region. To speed up germination and increase the percentage of germination, seed stratification was performed. Seeds of Spiraea media, Betula pendula, Picea obovata, Picea pungens, Pinus sylvestris, as a rule, do not require stratification, or for violation of shallow rest, the seeds need short-term cooling (for several hours, days or weeks). Cold stratification is required for seed germination of Betula ermanii, Clematis fusca, Corylus avellana, Juglans mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense, Syringa vulgaris . Multistage stratification is recommended for Schisandra chinensis seeds. Within a few days, the seeds of Populus alba and Scopulus balsamifera lose their ability to germinate. Quercus mongolica seeds completely lose their germination by spring sowing when stored dry. Seeds of Corylus avellana, Juglans mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense, Schisandra chinensis can be stored for only one year. The shelf life of Betula ermanii and Betula pendula seeds is 3-4 years. Picea obovata, Picea pungens, Pinus sylvestris retain germination for 4-5 years. Studies have shown that the shelf life of Spiraea media, Syringa vulgaris, Clematis fusca seeds for 4-5 years did not affect the percentage of their germination.

Collections of greenhouse plants of the Peter the Great Botanical Garden of the BIN RAS are very diverse and include more than 12500 taxa. Over the long history of the collection, certain principles of acquisition were formed: geographical, systematic, phylogenetic, environmental and morphological. For greenhouse collections, the presence of rare and endangered species, medicinal, food and economically important plants is very important. In addition to the correct approach to the selection of plants, you must also carefully consider the competent demonstration of the taxa presented. Plants that visitors can see in the exposition greenhouses should have a habit more or less corresponding to how these species look in natural conditions. In the case of blooming, decorative leaf species or cultivars, try to find an exposure option in which their decorative qualities will be presented most fully. The object of our study was representatives of Commelinaceae family. Among these plants, in addition to the well-known to us Tradescantia L. and Callisia Loefl., there are a large number of species and cultivars that are highly decorative, and there are also representatives with medicinal and environment-improving properties. The analysis of exposure options for plants of this group is carried out. The most suitable ones were selected depending on the structural features of the shoot system, and the severity of the decorative qualities of these plants. Data are provided on the results of processing cuttings of Tradescantia zebrina Bosse. retardants. These drugs should prevent the stretching of the shoots, lead to a thickening of the stem, an increase in the size of the leaf plate, more active growth of the roots. This experiment was aimed at reducing the time spent on maintaining the decorativeness of a number of species and cultivars of Commelinaceae grown in pots.

It was found that the inhalation of vapors of Tauric wormwood essential oil ( Artemisia taurica Willd.) at a concentration of 1 mg/m³ positively affects the psycho-emotional state of the elderly. For all the duration of exposure (10, 20 and 30 minutes), there is a decrease in the level of anxiety, depression and tension, and the self-assessment of the overall condition of the elderly improves. Exposure to the essential oil of Tauric wormwood had a pronounced stimulating effect on simple mental work in the subjects and did not affect complex mental work. The data obtained in the course of work did not reveal any signs of a negative effect of this essential oil in the used concentration on the nervous system of elderly people. Tauric wormwood essential oil in a dosage of 1 mg / m³ in elderly people (60-74 years) in all durations of exposure helps to overcome psychological difficulties and optimize the emotional state.