The main forms of anthropogenic relief formation (defensive ditches, mounds, canals, quarries, dumps, etc.) from the Neolithic to the present, which were marked by the presence of 152 abandoned and 137 active quarries on the territory of the peninsula, are considered. The basic principles and approaches to the reclamation of anthropogenic landforms are stated. Improvement options should be determined by the specific conditions of the technogenic landscape, as well as the suitability of the quarry for the intended use and the possibility of its transformation and, of course, the need of the ecosystem and society for an optimized object of the proposed type. The versions of optimization of open-pit workings during dry and wet rock excavation are considered. It is noted that in conditions of water shortage, preference should be given to the creation of reservoirs at the place of workings. The basic requirements for reclamation for agricultural and forest lands, the formation of sozological reserves by the formation of artificial reservoirs for various purposes: a reservoir to maintain ecological balance and preserve biological diversity (landscape-ecosystem function), a reservoir as a recreation area (recreational function), a reservoir as a source of drinking water (hydrological function), a reservoir for fish farming, including professional fishing (economic function). Possible approaches to optimization of quarries are discussed. An assortment of plant species suitable for creating coastal communities with a coastal protection function is presented.

The features of the typological structure, age composition and territorial distribution of beech stands in the Mountainous Crimea were studied. It is shown that nowadays beech forests grow in the range of altitudes from 400-500 to 1300-1400 m above sea level on an area of 34.9 thousand hectares, which is 13.4% of the forested territory of the peninsula. The age structure of beech stands is characterized by the cyclical process of renewal of indigenous stands, which is determined by the implementation of favorable natural factors - the level of seed yield and weather conditions during the formation of seed renewal generation, the frequency of which is 40-50 years. Based on the analysis of the ecological spectrum of the species composition of the grass layer, it is established that the forest growing conditions in the beech stands in the central part of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains should be characterized as fresh sudubravas and beech forests. The density of beech young growth in ecotopes in this area varies from 0.5 to 4 thousand pieces per 1 ha. In areas where the light regime improves, the young trees grow in the form of small bunches, often forming groups of young plants around the trunks of adult trees. Using satellite images of the Landsat 8 space sensing system, it was revealed that at present, in the central part of the beech forests of the Mountainous Crimea, significant areas are completely devoid of forest vegetation, or are covered with sparse woodlands, in the phytocenotic structure of which herbaceous plants predominate.

In order to determine the resource potential of the natural phytocenoses of the Republic of Abkhazia, the study of medicinal plants of the flora of the Ritsa Relict National Park - a unique natural complex that occupies an important place all over the Caucasus and the entire chain of mountains of Eurasia, part of Colchis. The diversity of the geological structure, topography, soils, climate and hydrological conditions caused the formation of a unique natural complex with endemic and relict (West Abkhazian) plant species and their communities on the territory. Today, the RRNP flora includes 1201 species, among which 179 plant species from 64 families are classified in various categories of rarity. Medicinal plants used in official and folk medicine are represented by 115 species from 93 genera and 48 families, which is 10% of the species diversity of the park. Among the medicinal plant of the RRNP, there are 17 relicts and endemic species ( Alnus barbata C.A. Mey., Chiastophyllum oppositifolium (Ledeb.) Berger, Convallaria transcaucasica Utkin, Cyclamen abchasicum (Medw.) Kolak., Daphne pontica L., Digitalis schischkinii Ivanina, Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky, Erythronium caucasicum Woronow, Hedera colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch, Hypericum xylosteifolium (Spach) N. Robson, Ilex colchica Pojark., Laurocerasus officinalis Roem., Sanicula europaea L., Solanum persicum Willd., Swertia iberica Fisch. & Mey., Tamus communis L., Tilia caucasica Rupr.). This report provides their ecological and biological characteristics, morphological description and medicinal use.

The main features are identified and a model of the formation of the patho-entomoacarocomplex of fruit plantations is developed. The species composition of the orchard agrocenosis is formed mainly over a 5-7-year period and reaches a peak by the age of 14. It is established that the specific biodiversity of pathogens and phytophages in orchards is primarily due to the presence of a food base that ensures their vital activity. The population density of harmful species depends on the age of the orchard, agricultural techniques of cultivation, insecticides used and meteorological conditions of the growing season. In dry years, there is an increase in the number of representatives of the order Acariformes, and in moderately wet years - representatives of Aphidinea. With an increase in the population density of phytophages, there are entomoacariphages trophically associated with them, the species and quantitative composition of which depends on the presence of pests in the orchard and is controlled by the use of pesticides. The use of pesticides has a detrimental effect on the number of entomoacariphages, which destabilizes the phytosanitary state of the agroecosystem, reduces its stability and balance, so biotic factors - predators, parasites and entomopathogenic organisms - in industrial orchards with a high pesticide load do not play a significant role in limiting the number of phytophages. Systems for the protection of fruit stands should be based on systematic monitoring of the phytosanitary status of a particular agrocenosis, taking into account the determination of the number of dominant species, their environmental requirements, as well as the peculiarities of biology, phenology and population dynamics. When drawing up a plan of protective measures for a particular orchard, its age and cultivation system should be taken into account. When choosing a preparation, preference should be given to low-toxic pesticides with low consumption rates or biological preparations, which will help to stabilize the phytosanitary state of the agrocenosis.

According to the results of phytosanitary monitoring in the Arboretum of the NBG, 26 pest species were identified on 97 tree introduced species (1039 foci). In the Arboretum of the NBG in 2020, 27 species of phytopathogenic fungi (186 foci) were identified on 65 species of woody plants. Of these, 18 species are wood-destroying fungi that cause root and trunk rot in 57 species of tree introduced species (159 foci). In the Arboretum, 5 types of powdery mildew fungi (9 foci) and 4 types of fungi that cause rust (18 foci) were identified. The results of phytosanitary monitoring for the period 2015-2020 were summed up. The number of pest species increased by 8 species and amounted to 26 species of phytophagans, the number of pest foci increased by 32%. The number of foci of phytopathogenic bracket fungi that cause root and trunk rot increased from 103 to 159 units, the increase in foci of pathogens was 56 units. Currently, the number of bracket fungi that cause root rot is 7 species (135 foci), bracket fungi that cause trunk rot - 11 species (24 foci). The number of powdery mildew and rust fungi did not change during the studies. The biology and ecology of cottony-cushion scale ( Icerya purchasi ) was studied.

According to the field expeditions, in the conditions of stationary and cameral laboratory investigations the genofund of apricot cultivated in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is defined. The biological features and pomological parameters are specified and the comparative analysis is carried out. As a result of the analysis, it became clear that among the apricot cultivars grown on the territory of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, 42.9% are of local origin, 11.9% are introduced cultivars and 45.2% are forms. The distribution area of cultivars are determined and it is noted that Abutalibi, Haqverdi, Girmiziyanag, Aghchanabhat, Agh novreste, Khosropshahi, Teberze, Balyarim, Shalakh cultivars have much productivity importance and they widely cultivated in the region. During the conducted expeditions, it was revealed that apricot is mainly grown in the Ordubad district of the Autonomous Republic. It was defined that 30.5% of cultivars are early ripening, 47.8% of them are midseason ripening, 21.7% of them are late ripening; but 31.6% of forms are early, 42.1% of them are middle, 26.3% of them are late ripening. The research revealed that Nakhchivan novresti cultivar and Kotam-2, Dasta-4 forms are the most early ripening in comparison with other cultivars and forms. During the learning of the phase it was proved that the blossom period is depend on climate factors and ripening period is depending on genotype features. Weight the cultivars and forms is about 32.0-58.4 g and the pulp is between 90.0-95.8%. As a result of biological and zoological studies, 41.9% of cultivars and forms were distinguished by high values of these indicators. During the dequstation Nakhchivan novresti, Shalakh, Abutalibi, Balyarim, Agh erik, Goyjenabad, Girmizi partizan sorts and Jugha-5, Dasta-4, Dasta-9, Ordubad-12, Sharur-5 forms are rated with the highest scores.

The method of allocation of zones of seed production of agricultural plants depending on soil and climatic factors is developed on the basis of the established four types of seed yield: type I - high yield, high seed quality; type II - high yield, low seed quality; type III - low yield, high seed quality; IV - low yield, low seed quality. Data on crop types were plotted on a contour map of the studied administrative subject (region, territory, republic) with the designated boundaries of districts and soil-climatic zones, as a result, 4 possible zones of seed production were identified: 1- the zone of optimal seed production, in which the seed farms form the I type of crop; 2 - the zone of risky seed production (II type of crop); 3 - the zone of permissible seed production (III type of crop); 4 - the zone of unacceptable seed production (IV type of crop). The network of seed farms should be organized primarily in the areas of optimal seed production. When organizing the production of seed material in the zones of permissible seed production, it is necessary to increase the yield by improving agricultural technologies. In the zones of risky (II type of crop) and unacceptable (IV type of crop) seed production, it is not advisable to produce seed material.

The paper presents data on the features of the water regime (water deficit, water-retaining forces, and total hydration of leaf tissues) in four evergreen species of the genus Cotoneaster , as well as the effect of the growing water stress on the course of primary photosynthesis processes. It was found that during the periods of maximum impact of dry factors of the summer season on the Southern Coast of the Crimea, the species Cotoneaster salicifolius and Cotoneaster graucophyllus var. serotinus show signs of increased drought resistance, which is manifested in the ability to economically consume moisture by leaf tissues during wilting, and subsequently restore the normal turgescence of leaf tissues. These species maintained minimal levels of water deficit in the leaves, and the sublethal level was 12% water loss. The genotypes Cotoneaster × watereri 'Cornubia' and Cotoneaster franchetii showed relatively weak water retention capacity combined with low leaf repair capability. Water loss of more than 8-10% was already critical, after which the number of intact leaf blade tissues was unsatisfactory (less than 60%). It was found that the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence induction (CPI) are most sensitive to lack of moisture and they are features of fast phase. Water deficiency within 10% leads to irreversible disturbances in the photosynthetic apparatus in Cotoneaster franchetii , which was expressed in a decrease in the ratio of variable and base fluorescence below the norm of vitality and the absence of pronounced peaks on the CPI curve. In the species Cotoneaster salicifolius and Cotoneaster graucophyllus var. serotinus , an increase in the level of water deficiency was accompanied by a decrease in the efficiency of the light phase of photosynthesis and an increase in the number of unrecoverable Q_{ain the reaction centers of PS2. However, these changes were reversible. It is concluded that the species Cotoneaster salicifolius and Cotoneaster graucophyllus var. serotinus are relatively resistant to lack of moisture and are characterized by a high level of water-retaining forces and stable operation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Controlled wilting in combination with the CPI method can be used for quick diagnostics of the drought resistance of Cotoneaster species.}