Features of hybridization of garden roses in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea

Despite the fact that hybridization underlies both the evolution of the genus Rosa L. and the creation of a modern assortment of garden roses and is the main method of breeding these plants, the technique of hybridization, especially distant hybridization, has not yet been sufficiently developed. To develop such a technique in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, the experience of breeding work with roses over the past 70 years has been summarized. Three main stages of new rose cultivars breeding by hybridization method have been identified, as well as the optimal timing for them has been established. The first stage is carried out during the first year of work and includes the selection of parental pairs, preparation of the mother plant, pollen harvesting, artificial pollination, and then the collection and sowing of fruits. A number of cultivars, both prone and not prone to autogamy, have been identified. It has been established that in distant crosses, species should be used as paternal parental forms, and when crossing cultivars with different ploidy, triploid cultivars are used mainly as paternal forms, and tetraploid and diploid cultivars and species - as both paternal and maternal parental forms. The best terms for harvesting pollen, methods of its storage, as well as the optimal terms for artificial pollination, taking into account the age of the flower, weather conditions, and other factors, have been determined. Efficiency of reciprocal crosses, as well as repeated application of pollen to the stigmas of pistils for at least 5 days, has been established.

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