Sources of a sign of late and long flowering of apple in the conditions of the Crimea

Abstract

Crimea is a zone of risky gardening, and recurrent spring frosts are observed every 3-4 years, and coincide with the period of flowering and fertilization of apple buds. In this regard, the determination of later-flowering cultivars and forms for use in breeding programs is an urgent task. The article presents the results of studying the passage of the main phenological phases of the development of the beginning of vegetation (the timing and duration of flowering cultivars and forms of apple trees in the foothill zone of the Crimea). Based on the conducted studies, all the studied samples are divided into three groups according to the timing of the beginning of flowering - early flowering, medium flowering, and late flowering. It was determined that for early-flowering cultivars, the sum of accumulated temperatures above 5 ° C from 149.7 to 159.7 ° C is necessary, blooming in the middle period - 163.5-179.3 ° C, late-flowering - 181.1 to 205.5 ° C. The most valuable third group (late blooming) is represented by six samples: Salgir, Cimmeria, Tavria, Todes, Fujii, 3-5-C. All studied cultivars and forms are analyzed based on the duration of flowering. The cultivars and forms recommended for inclusion in the breeding process for a sign of long flowering have been determined. It was revealed that in the group of cultivars of the summer fruit ripening period, Williams Pride cultivar of foreign selection has a long flowering (6 days), in the group of the autumn ripening period - Greensleeves (11 days). Arlet and Fuji Kiku 8 cultivars (13-14 days) were selected among the varieties with fruits of the winter ripening period. The obtained research results will be used to draw up hybridization plans, and the selected cultivars and forms will be included in breeding programs as sources of signs of late and long flowering.