Principles of construction of integrated pest protection systems of fruit crops

Abstract

The main features are identified and a model of the formation of the patho-entomoacarocomplex of fruit plantations is developed. The species composition of the orchard agrocenosis is formed mainly over a 5-7-year period and reaches a peak by the age of 14. It is established that the specific biodiversity of pathogens and phytophages in orchards is primarily due to the presence of a food base that ensures their vital activity. The population density of harmful species depends on the age of the orchard, agricultural techniques of cultivation, insecticides used and meteorological conditions of the growing season. In dry years, there is an increase in the number of representatives of the order Acariformes, and in moderately wet years - representatives of Aphidinea. With an increase in the population density of phytophages, there are entomoacariphages trophically associated with them, the species and quantitative composition of which depends on the presence of pests in the orchard and is controlled by the use of pesticides. The use of pesticides has a detrimental effect on the number of entomoacariphages, which destabilizes the phytosanitary state of the agroecosystem, reduces its stability and balance, so biotic factors - predators, parasites and entomopathogenic organisms - in industrial orchards with a high pesticide load do not play a significant role in limiting the number of phytophages. Systems for the protection of fruit stands should be based on systematic monitoring of the phytosanitary status of a particular agrocenosis, taking into account the determination of the number of dominant species, their environmental requirements, as well as the peculiarities of biology, phenology and population dynamics. When drawing up a plan of protective measures for a particular orchard, its age and cultivation system should be taken into account. When choosing a preparation, preference should be given to low-toxic pesticides with low consumption rates or biological preparations, which will help to stabilize the phytosanitary state of the agrocenosis.